# LOGICALLY — Full Epistemic & Dialectic Compendium

## System Metadata
- Application URL: https://h3manth.com/fun/logically/
- Author: Hemanth HM (https://h3manth.com)
- Source: https://github.com/hemanth/logically
- Format: Plaintext LLM & Agent Knowledge Base
- License: MIT

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## 1. Complete Catalog of Philosophical Razors & Lasers

| Identifier | Name | Author / Era | Core Aphorism | Epistemic Function |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| occams-razor | Occam's Razor | William of Ockham (14th c.) | "Entities should not be multiplied beyond necessity." | Parsimony: Select competing model with fewest unverified assumptions. |
| hanlons-razor | Hanlon's Razor | Robert J. Hanlon (1980) | "Never attribute to malice that which is adequately explained by stupidity." | Charity: Eliminate paranoid intentionality assumptions for clumsy errors. |
| hitchenss-razor | Hitchens's Razor | Christopher Hitchens (2003) | "What can be asserted without evidence can be dismissed without evidence." | Burden of Proof: Reject arbitrary positive assertions lacking evidence. |
| alders-razor | Newton's Flaming Laser Sword | Mike Alder (2004) | "What cannot be settled by experiment is not worth debating." | Demarcation: Dismiss disputes yielding zero observable consequences. |
| poppers-falsifiability | Popper's Falsifiability | Karl Popper (1934) | "A theory that cannot be refuted by any conceivable event is non-scientific." | Demarcation: Demand testable risks and disconfirmation criteria. |
| humes-guillotine | Hume's Guillotine | David Hume (1739) | "You cannot derive an 'ought' purely from an 'is'." | Ethics: Separate descriptive natural facts from prescriptive values. |
| sagan-standard | The Sagan Standard | Carl Sagan (1980) | "Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence." | Probability: Scale evidential requirements with prior implausibility. |
| chestertons-fence | Chesterton's Fence | G.K. Chesterton (1929) | "Do not remove a fence until you understand why it was built." | Restraint: Uncover historical failure modes before reforming systems. |
| grices-razor | Grice's Razor | Paul Grice (1975) | "Interpret the speaker's words in the strongest, most rational sense." | Dialectic: Steel-man opponent arguments rather than attacking trivial slips. |
| duck-test | The Duck Test | J.W. Riley (20th c.) | "If it looks, swims, and quacks like a duck, it is probably a duck." | Abduction: Classify entities by observable behavioral realities. |
| gores-razor | Gore's Razor | Al Gore / Charlie Munger | "Never attribute to incompetence what is explained by perverse incentives." | Systems: Inspect economic and career incentives driving dysfunctions. |
| procrustean-razor | The Procrustean Razor | N.N. Taleb / Greek Myth | "Never trim or stretch facts to fit the bed of your pet theory." | Empiricism: Prevent ideological shoehorning and outlier mutilation. |

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## 2. Complete Catalog of Logical Fallacies

### Formal Fallacies (Structural Invalidity)
1. **Affirming the Consequent**: $P \to Q, Q \vdash P$ (Invalid). The occurrence of $Q$ does not prove $P$ was the cause.
2. **Denying the Antecedent**: $P \to Q, \neg P \vdash \neg Q$ (Invalid). Negating $P$ does not ensure $Q$ cannot happen independently.
3. **Base Rate Fallacy**: Neglecting the prior unconditional probability $P(A)$ when calculating $P(A \mid B)$ via Bayes' Theorem.

### Informal Fallacies (Content & Rhetorical Defects)
1. **Ad Hominem**: Attacking speaker's traits, morality, or circumstances rather than evaluating premises.
2. **Straw Man**: Replacing a nuanced position with an extreme caricature to attack it easily.
3. **False Dilemma**: Asserting an either/or binary when intermediate possibilities exist.
4. **Begging the Question (*Petitio Principii*)**: Circular argument where conclusion is presupposed in the premise.
5. **Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc**: Asserting causation purely from temporal succession ($A$ preceded $B \implies A$ caused $B$).
6. **Appeal to Ignorance (*Argumentum ad Ignorantiam*)**: Concluding $P$ is true because $P$ has not been disproven.
7. **Slippery Slope**: Claiming an initial action inevitably causes extreme catastrophe without proving step necessity.
8. **False Appeal to Authority (*Argumentum ad Verecundiam*)**: Citing non-expert credentials in an unrelated discipline.
9. **No True Scotsman**: Modifying definitions ad-hoc to exclude counter-examples and protect generalizations.
10. **The Gambler's Fallacy**: Believing independent random trials have memory or self-balancing tendencies.
11. **Equivocation**: Sneaking multiple definitions of a term into a single deduction.
12. **Fallacy of Composition & Division**: Confusing attributes of parts with emergent properties of the whole.

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## 3. Cognitive Biases & Mental Antidotes
- **Confirmation Bias**: Antidote = Seek falsifying edge cases actively.
- **Fundamental Attribution Error**: Antidote = Apply Hanlon's Razor and consider environmental constraints.
- **Dunning-Kruger Effect**: Antidote = Practice intellectual humility in specialized domains.
- **Survivorship Bias**: Antidote = Inspect the denominator of failed attempts.
- **Sunk Cost Bias**: Antidote = Evaluate decisions strictly from the present second forward.
- **Availability Heuristic**: Antidote = Trust actuarial statistics over sensational headlines.
- **Hindsight Bias**: Antidote = Judge choices based on data known at decision time.
- **Anchoring Bias**: Antidote = Formulate independent valuations before reviewing quotes.